CS for What? Diverse Visions of Computer Science Education in Practice

In this episode I unpack Santo, Vogel, and Ching’s (2019) publication titled “CS for What? Diverse Visions of Computer Science Education in Practice,” which is a white paper that provides a useful framework for considering the underlying values and impact of CS programs or resources.

  • Welcome back to another episode of the

    CSK8 podcast my name is Jared O'Leary in

    this week's episode I'm going to unpack

    a white paper by Rafi Santo Sarah Vogel

    and Dixie chain from cs4 all the paper

    is titled cs4 what diverse visions of

    computer science education in practice

    one of the things that I love about

    white papers as they can be found for

    free so for example you can find this in

    the show notes simply click on the link

    that's in the description in your app or

    visit jared O'Leary comm or you could

    visit cs4 all's website but going to see

    s for all org backslash visions and

    that's fo are not the number for if

    however you do visit the show notes

    remember you can click on the author

    last names and it will direct you to

    their google scholar profile so you can

    actually read more papers by each of

    these authors so this paper doesn't have

    an abstract however I'm going to read

    the introduction for you so this starts

    on page for vote why should students

    learn computer science for creativity

    jobs justice innovation the answer to

    this question shape what computer

    science education CS ed looks like in

    practice

    CS ed can and should look different

    given the diverse aspirations and

    experiences of students as well as their

    educators families and others who aim to

    support them and who's involved in

    articulating the vision driving CS ed

    also matters because it has real

    implications for how the equity issues

    at the heart of the CS for all movement

    are addressed having stakeholders come

    together to do the messy and challenging

    work of hashing out their values makes

    it more likely that all needs and issues

    of equity can be addressed it can create

    a seat at the table for broader voices

    to shape what CSN looks like on the

    ground this white paper provides a

    framework for understanding the myriad

    reasons for teaching computer science by

    considering the underlying values

    beliefs about what is good worthwhile

    and important it provides examples of

    how different CSN curricula programs and

    tools embody particular values and

    rationales in their design finally our

    recommendations invite those involved in

    computer science education at every

    level from policy makers and ministers

    to curriculum designers and teachers to

    come together with students families and

    their communities to deliberate about

    why they think CS education is important

    then use these answers to guide their

    choices around designing and making

    available CS learning opportunities when

    diverse stakeholders come together

    consider

    debate and decide what values they want

    to drive their work around CS education

    they embody the democratic ideals at the

    heart of education if I two kind of

    provided one sentence summary of this

    white paper I would say that this white

    paper provides a useful framework for

    considering the underlying values and

    impact of CS programs or resources now

    this white paper is 55 pages long

    however I highly recommend people check

    this out it provides some excellent

    examples and considerations for thinking

    through the different kinds of values

    and impact that you might want to have

    with the kids that you work with or the

    resources you develop or if you're a

    researcher like the kind of research

    that you want to do and have an impact

    on the larger cs ed community so this

    paper outlines what they are calling the

    values and impact areas and there are

    seven of them they are not in any

    particular order however I'm going to

    number them just so you know when I'm

    reading the next one so here's the first

    one

    equity and social justice second one

    competencies and literacies third one

    citizenship and civic engagement the

    fourth one technological social and

    scientific innovation the fifth one

    economic and workforce development six

    one school reform and improvement and

    the seventh one is personal agency joy

    and fulfillment alright so I'm going to

    unpack each of these a little bit by

    providing a definition that they give

    and then kind of summarizing and a

    couple of these sample rationales for

    each one of these impacts values and

    rationales for CS education however I

    strongly recommend that you actually

    check out the paper itself so you can

    see more of the rationales and get a

    deeper understanding of each one of

    these areas so the first one that I

    mentioned equity and social justice so

    this is on page 14 quote values and

    impacts that promote fairness and

    address historic in justices in quote so

    some of the sample rationales that they

    provide is that there are disparities

    among minority groups represented in CS

    or STEM fields another rationale is that

    some want to close the digital divide

    among low-income youth okay so the

    second area the competencies and

    literacies here's a quote from page 15

    that kind of describes what this is

    quote values and impacts linked to

    computer science education x' unique

    potential to promote particular skills

    end quote

    so some of the rationales that they

    provide are that computer science can

    promote 21st century skills literacies

    and ways of thinking so for example

    design or systems thinking the third one

    citizenship and civic engagement here's

    a quote from page 15 quote values and

    impacts focusing on computer science

    education relationship to social

    cultural and political participation in

    quote now some of the rationales that

    are provided in this white paper are

    that we aren't just consuming but are

    producing technology another rationale

    that they provide is that a program

    might want to create more informed and

    respectful citizenship or citizens so

    the next category is technological

    social and scientific innovation here's

    a quote from page 16 quote values and

    impacts promoting scientific

    technological and social advancement

    weather around current goals or ones

    currently not on the radar of those

    driving innovation in quote so our

    rationale in this category might be that

    we need to provide a better

    understanding of CS education or CS as a

    field in order to solve large problems

    and promote technological innovations

    that help society or the world so two

    examples that they provide are working

    towards problems such as climate change

    and cyber security issues the next one

    that we actually hear a lot in CS

    education is the category of economic

    and workforce development here's a quote

    from page 17

    well values and impacts that orient

    toward professional life industry in the

    economy unquote so some of the

    rationales are that there is a shortage

    of CS professionals or that CS or C T

    will be integral regardless of what

    profession you go into the next category

    school reform and improvement here's a

    quote from page 17 quote values and

    impacts that see potential for CS

    education to work in service of broader

    school reform goals benefiting teachers

    school administrators students and the

    education systems they're a part of

    unquote some of the rationales for this

    approach is that CS education might

    enhance learning and other content areas

    examples of enhancing learning in other

    content areas typically relate to like

    integration another rationale is that CS

    education can increase student

    engagement through project-based

    student-centered or culturally

    responsive pedagogy and the final

    category is personal agency joy and

    fulfillment here's a quote from page 17

    quote values and impacts oriented toward

    the fun fulfillment and personal agency

    that can come out of CS education as

    positive for their own sake in quote so

    some of the rationales for this kind of

    approach is that computing can be a form

    of creative expression that developed

    personal agency or that it can lead to

    quote wonder discovery and enjoyment end

    quote

    also from page 17 so the author's point

    out that these values and impact areas

    don't exist in isolation but can overlap

    in various ways for example this

    framework can be used to assist with

    quote conversations among district

    leadership teams organizations that

    design CS ed curricula or professional

    development out of school organizations

    funders or policy makers anyone involved

    in CS education efforts that can do

    their work better when they have clarity

    about the visions they have for CS

    education end quote

    in other words thinking through these

    kind of values and impacts and

    rationales for CS education is something

    that anyone involved in CS education

    should consider in addition these

    conversations should be ongoing it's not

    just something that you front-loaded at

    the beginning and then you never think

    about again but you are just constantly

    reflecting on and reassessing your

    values and impacts in your CS ed program

    in relation to the impacts that you want

    your kids to have on your community and

    the values that the communities hold

    here are a couple quotes that I want to

    read that kind of drive this home a

    little bit more so this is a quote from

    page 20 quote arguments for computer

    science education and the values that

    undergird them have real implications

    for instruction design and

    implementation values whether they are

    stated or implicit well-thought-out or

    ad hoc are baked into teacher

    professional development curriculum

    pedagogy and learning technologies

    encode and here's a quote from page 43

    quote even if a given CS education

    program our curriculum centers on one

    particular purpose we hope that across

    the ecosystem of learning opportunities

    a young person experiences a plurality

    of purposes emerges once keyed to the

    many ways we think about education role

    from fostering creativity and agency

    preparing youth for a changing

    professional landscape opening up

    opportunity where it's been closed off

    and supporting the emergence of critical

    thinkers and civic minded community

    members in quote I really do appreciate

    the

    Quotes I'm a big fan of multi

    perspectival education in other words

    kids approaching things from several

    different perspectives and having many

    different options for exploring a

    Content area rather than saying there's

    one way to explore a field or a practice

    or concept or whatever so following this

    introduction of the different impacts

    values and rationales for CS education

    there are cases from the field so from

    pages 19 through 41 there are a lot of

    examples of what this actually looks

    like in practice so for example there

    are three examples of creative computing

    here's a quote from page 21 that kind of

    unpacks what that is quote much like

    drawing writing or filmmaking learning

    the language of code can be a powerful

    way for young people to express who they

    are use their imaginations and share

    their perspectives of their communities

    and the world in quote so people who

    engage in creative computing tend to

    have a combination of the following

    values and intended impacts so they are

    personal agency joy and fulfillment

    competencies and literacies as well as

    equity and social justice so for each

    one of these categories of cases from

    the field they have different examples

    of platforms or approaches that really

    kind of highlight these different

    combinations of values and impacts so

    for example under the creative competing

    they discuss how scratch is one of the

    platforms that encourages creative

    computing so the next category is

    broadening participation and labor

    empowerment so there are three examples

    that they kind of provide in this

    section here's a quote that highlights

    this approach quote broadening

    participation of underrepresented groups

    NCS has been motivated by both an equity

    imperative to provide access as well as

    concerns that a lack of diversity leads

    to a tech sector only focused on certain

    problems others are more focused on

    careers in technology as a potential

    source of economic mobility regardless

    of anything else in quote that's from

    page 25 so some examples of some

    rationales that are provided includes

    some different combinations of economic

    and workforce development equity and

    social justice as well as technological

    social and scientific innovation the

    next category of

    cases that they discuss are two examples

    of computing across the disciplines

    here's a quote from page 29

    well since computing education

    incorporates skills and competencies

    around 21st century technologies

    computational thinking collaboration and

    critical thinking some programs use it

    to enhance student learning in the

    traditional academic disciplines such as

    math science and language arts this

    subsection describes initiatives which

    support schools to integrate computer

    science concepts and practices into

    other subjects grounded in the vision

    that CS is useful to broad audiences of

    students as a tool for inquiry in other

    fields and quote some examples of the

    combinations of rationales that people

    within this category might use are

    equity and social justice or school

    reform and improvement or competencies

    and literacies the next section is on

    computing for social action and there

    are four examples in here and this is an

    approach that quote guides youth to use

    computing to address social issues local

    global and otherwise in quote is from

    page 32 and the examples in this

    particular section actually include all

    seven of the values and impact areas

    which again reiterates the idea that

    there are many ways that you can combine

    these different values for an intended

    impact and the last section within this

    particular section of the white paper

    are three examples of ethical CS and

    learning social impacts of computing so

    here's a quote from page 37 rationales

    here include the need for a

    technologically sophisticated citizenry

    that can respond to social changes and

    the ability for students to push back

    against potential negative effects of

    tech in quote some of the rationales

    include citizenship and civic engagement

    equity and social justice as well as

    technological social and scientific

    innovation now here's a quote from page

    point of thinking through all those

    different values impacts and rationales

    quote given that holding different

    visions has important implications for

    design and implementation of CSN efforts

    we encourage CS edie stakeholders at all

    levels to actively reflect on and

    collectively deliberate around what

    values drive their efforts and how

    designs can best index those values in

    quote so near the end paper

    multiple pages of recommendations and

    they're broken down into different

    categories one of them is policymakers

    and others educators and instructional

    leaders as well as content providers and

    tool designers and then finally a

    researchers I'm gonna summarize the

    recommendations for educators and

    instructional leaders however I

    recommend taking a look at all of them

    if you're interested in looking at those

    other areas so the first recommendation

    they give is to learn about the interest

    from various stakeholders in the

    community that you suit you work in next

    they recommend aligning the resources in

    PD with your community's vision and they

    recommend resisting the temptation to

    purchase tools or subscribing to

    services that don't actually align with

    your vision

    so for example if you want to focus on

    tinkering creating and sharing and

    perhaps you don't want to subscribe to a

    platform that doesn't allow for the

    creation of computer science expressions

    and instead limits kids to solving

    puzzles with one correct answer next the

    authors recommend aligning both student

    and teacher outcomes with the vision in

    other words what the kids are going to

    do in the class as well as the PDE that

    teachers are doing we need to make sure

    that all of those align and finally they

    recommend ensuring that these values are

    reflected in what kids experience in the

    classrooms so it's one thing to have

    this on paper or on a school's mission

    or whatever but it's another thing to

    actually see this implemented in a

    classroom setting so it's very important

    to not just talk about what you want in

    terms of an impact and what you value

    but actually seeing it happen in the

    classrooms that you work in the authors

    conclude by encouraging everyone to kind

    of reflect on these different things and

    thinking through the different ways that

    the ways that you work with kids or the

    resources that you create or the

    services that you provide kind of align

    with different values or impacts and

    whether or not those are actually what

    you intend to be your values and impacts

    so normally towards the end of these

    unpacking scholarship episodes I like to

    talk about some of my lingering

    questions in this episode I'm gonna do

    it a little bit differently so instead

    I'm going to actually verbally think out

    loud the different ways that we may or

    may not align with different values or

    impact areas and the resources that I

    create for budda so the curriculum that

    I create is free and we describe it as

    interest driven the goal is to get kids

    to create something that is interesting

    to them because it's focusing on

    primarily elementary kids and

    getting them really interested in the

    field and the things that you can do in

    particular with coding so the curriculum

    that I create heavily focuses on the

    creative computing side of things so for

    example a goal in the free curriculum is

    to focus on interest driven learning

    that really encourages personal agency

    joy and fulfillment in whatever project

    that kids are creating so the goal is to

    not get kids to recreate what I

    demonstrate in the walkthrough videos

    and tutorials that I create but instead

    to get kids to take those ideas and

    apply them in a new way so the

    curriculum heavily focuses on personal

    agency joy and fulfillment and one of my

    rationales for doing that is because I

    just want to get kids excited about

    creating something at the elementary

    stage they can dive deep at the

    elementary level but if I were to start

    talking to them about jobs and like all

    the money that they can create a lot of

    elements your kids just are not

    interested in that because they're not

    having to think about bills quite yet

    however another overall goal that's kind

    of guiding the approach that I've done

    not only in the classroom but also now

    with boot-up is that we really like to

    focus on equity and social justice

    impact areas as well as the different

    kind of competencies and literacies so

    my goal is to not get every kid to be a

    CS professional but is instead to get

    them to see the things that they can

    create that can have an impact on the

    world that they live in whether it be

    for a social justice issue or just to

    engage in modding practices for leisure

    like I've mentioned in several previous

    podcasts so the three main categories

    that are very evident in the curriculum

    that I create our B personal agency

    joint fulfillment category equity and

    social justice as well as competencies

    and literacies however the professional

    development that I direct for boot-up

    focuses on more of the pedagogical

    approaches that sent around project

    based and rhizomatic learning

    philosophies that encourage facilitation

    practices over lecturing which aligns

    with the school reform and improvement

    impact areas in addition in the PD that

    we do we actually discuss potential ways

    to modify any of the free project

    resources that I create for the

    curriculum in order to assist with

    integration which also falls under the

    school reform and improvement impact

    area and although it's not a primary

    focus

    in our PD we also point towards

    resources that encourage citizenship and

    civic engagement as we found that some

    districts are unsure where to look for

    that kind of content so those are the

    main areas that I would say the

    curriculum that I create in the PD that

    I direct at Buddha kind of aligned with

    the values and impacts as proposed in

    this framework now there are some

    categories that we intentionally avoid

    or just don't discuss so for example I

    feel there is too much focus on economic

    and workforce development throughout

    most CS education discourse and don't

    feel like these conversations are

    appropriate for elementary kids and I

    mentioned that several times in previous

    episodes with different interviews and

    even some of the other unpacking

    scholarship episodes so if you're

    interested in hearing more about that

    check out some of the prior episodes in

    addition I prefer to focus on personal

    agency joy and fulfillment over the

    technological social and scientific

    innovation with the elementary kids

    however elementary kids could certainly

    modify any of the projects to focus on

    those areas so for example in the

    interview with KD Henry we discuss the

    do your bit challenge with my crabbit

    which encourages more of these

    technological social and scientific

    innovations that can assist with the UN

    global sustainability goals so if you

    haven't checked out that episode yet I'd

    highly recommend it so I hope walking

    through the values and impact areas with

    the curriculum and the PD that I create

    helps you to kind of see one example of

    different ways that you can think

    through however you engage with computer

    science education so if you are a

    Content provider I highly recommend one

    reading this white paper and then to

    thinking through okay in what ways are

    as the content that I'm creating aligns

    with different kind of values and

    impacts and what does that say about

    we're trying to forward with the

    resources that we create or if you're in

    the classroom think about okay what are

    kids engaging in and what kind of values

    are that encouraging and what kind of an

    impact is this going to have a decade

    from now now again this paper you can

    find just by clicking in the show notes

    it's free to use which is great thank

    you cs4 all I appreciate that the show

    notes I found that Jared earlier calm or

    you can simply go to cs4 all org

    backslash visions and then the paper is

    available there

    that is fo r not the number for if you

    enjoyed this episode please consider

    sharing it with someone else or even

    providing a review if you'd be so kind I

    hope you enjoyed this episode and I hope

    you tune in next week for another

    interview


Introduction

“Why should students learn computer science? For creativity? Jobs? Justice? Innovation? The answers to this question shape what computer science education (CSed) looks like in practice. CSed can and should look different, given the diverse aspirations and experiences of students, as well as their educators, families, and others who aim to support them.

And who is involved in articulating the visions driving CSed also matters because it has real implications for how the equity issues at the heart of the CS for All movement are addressed. Having stakeholders come together to do the messy and challenging work of hashing out their values makes it more likely that all needs and issues of equity can be addressed. It can create a “seat at the table” for broader voices to shape what CSed looks like on the ground.

This white paper provides a framework for understanding the myriad reasons for teaching computer science by considering their underlying values—beliefs about what is good, worthwhile, and important. It provides examples of how different CSed curricula, programs, and tools embody particular values and rationales in their design. Finally, our recommendations invite those involved in computer science education at every level—from policymakers and administrators to curriculum designers and teachers—to come together with students, families, and their communities to deliberate about why they think CS education is important, then use these answers to guide their choices around designing and making available CS learning opportunities.

When diverse stakeholders come together to consider, debate, and decide what values they want to drive their work around CS education, they embody the democratic ideals at the heart of education” (pp. 4-5).


My One Sentence Summary

This white paper provides a useful framework for considering the underlying values and impact of CS programs or resources.


Some Of My Lingering Questions/Thoughts

  • How does the curricular content I create align with this framework?


Resources/Links Relevant to This Episode



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